Sunday, December 29, 2019

The Local Interstellar Cloud An Overview

As our Sun and planets travel through interstellar space in our part of the Milky Way Galaxy, we exist in a region called the Orion Arm. Within the arm are clouds of gas and dust, and regions that have less than average amounts of interstellar gases. Today, astronomers know that our planet and Sun is moving through a mixture of hydrogen and helium atoms called the Local Interstellar Cloud or, more colloquially, the Local Fluff. The Local Fluff, which spans an area about 30 light-years across, is actually part of a much bigger 300-light-year-wide cavern in space called the Local Bubble. It, too, is very sparsely populated with atoms of hot gases. Ordinarily, the Local Fluff would be destroyed by the pressure of the heated material in the Bubble, but not the Fluff. Scientists hypothesize that it could be the clouds magnetism that saves it from destruction.   The Local Bubble, in an artists concept. This is cavity in the interstellar medium that is relatively empty of gases, compared to the region outside the bubble.   NASA The solar systems trip through the Local Fluff began between 44,000 and 150,000 years ago, and it may exit in the next 20,000 years when it could enter another cloud called the G Complex.   The atmosphere of the Local Interstellar Cloud is incredibly thin, with less than an atom of gas per cubic centimeter. For comparison, the top of Earths atmosphere (where it blends into interplanetary space), has 12,000,000,000,000 atoms per cubic centimeter. It is almost as hot as the surface of the Sun, but because the cloud is so attenuated in space, it cannot hold that heat.   Discovery Astronomers have known about this cloud for several decades. Theyve used Hubble Space Telescope and other observatories to probe the cloud and light from distant stars as a sort of candle to view it more closely.  The light travels through the cloud is picked up by detectors on the telescopes. Astronomers then use an instrument called a spectrograph (or a spectroscope) to break the light into its component  wavelengths. The end result is a graph called a spectrum, which — among other things — tells scientists what elements exist in the cloud. Tiny  dropouts in the spectrum indicate where elements absorbed the light as it passed through. Its an indirect way of seeing what would otherwise  be very difficult to detect, particularly in interstellar space.   Origins   Astronomers have long wondered how the cavernous Local Bubble and the Local Fluff and the nearby G Complex clouds were formed. The gases in the larger Local Bubble likely came from supernova explosions in the past 20 million years or so. During these catastrophic events, massive old stars blasted their outer layers and atmospheres to space at high speeds, sending out a bubble of superheated gases. A bubble of expanding debris from a supernova called G1.90.3. Such explosions crash through the interstellar medium and may be implicated in the formation of clouds like the LIC. NASA   Hot Young Stars and the Fluff The Fluff had a different origin. Massive hot young stars send gas out to space, particularly in their early stages. There are several associations of these stars — called OB stars — near the solar system. The closest is the Scorpius-Centaurus Association, named for the region of sky where they exist (in this case, the area covered by the constellations Scorpius and Centaurus (which contains the closest stars to Earth: Alpha, Beta, and Proxima Centauri)). It is very likely that this  star formation region  is, in fact, the local interstellar cloud and that the G complex next door also came from the hot young stars that are still being born in the Sco-Cen Association.   The hot furious winds from newborn stars such as these shown here in a Spitzer Space Telescope image may also play a role in creating regions such as the Local Fluff. NASA/Spitzer/IPAC   Can the Cloud Hurt Us? Earth and the other planets are relatively protected from the magnetic fields and radiation in the Local Interstellar Cloud by the Suns heliosphere — the extent of the solar wind. It extends well out beyond the orbit of dwarf planet Pluto. Data from the Voyager  1 spacecraft have confirmed the existence of the Local Fluff by detecting the strong magnetic fields it contains. Another probe, called IBEX, has also studied the interaction between the solar wind and the Local Fluff, in an effort to map the region of space that acts as a boundary between the heliosphere and the Local Fluff.   In the long run, the path the solar system follows through these clouds could protect the Sun and planets from higher rates of radiation in the galaxy. As the solar system travels through the galaxy during its 220-million-year orbit, its likely to move in and out of clouds, with interesting implications for the future of life on our planet. Fast Facts The Local Interstellar Cloud is a bubble in interstellar space.The solar system has been moving through the cloud and a local region called The Local Fluff for tens of thousands of years.These caverns can be caused by the strong winds from young stars and stellar explosions called supernovae. Sources Grossman, Lisa. â€Å"Solar System Caught in an Interstellar Tempest.†Ã‚  New Scientist, New Scientist, www.newscientist.com/article/dn24153-solar-system-caught-in-an-interstellar-tempest/.NASA, NASA, science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2009/23dec_voyager.â€Å"The Interstellar Cloud Is Bringing Space Weather to Our Solar System.†Ã‚  Gaia, www.gaia.com/article/are-interstellar-clouds-raining-on-our-solar-system.

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Revenge and Vengeance in Shakespeares Hamlet - Going...

Going Beyond Revenge in Hamlet The simplest and superficially the most appealing way to understand Shakespeare’s Hamlet is to see it as a revenge tragedy. This genre was well established and quite popular in Shakespeare’s time, but it was precisely part of his genius that he could take old forms and renew them by a creative violation of their standards. As this essay will explore, Hamlet stands the conventional revenge tragedy on its head, and uses the tensions created by this reversal of type to add depth to its characters and story. The revenge tragedy of Shakespeare’s age, as exemplified in such productions as The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd and The Tragedy of Hoffman by Henry Chettle was gruesome to a†¦show more content†¦In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, of course, it would be quite different. I would contend, in fact, that Hamlet is not a revenge tragedy at all, but a drama on self-discovery and the consequences of deception. In Hamlet, for the title character and others, death comes from being false to oneself and others. Nevertheless, this death is purely physical: at the same time he is moving towards death as the consequence of the deception of himself and others, Hamlet is moving away from it in his mind, from death towards life, or at least a mature acceptance of what life might bring. Revenge, or to be more precise the struggle over when and how to take revenge, deepens him and make him fully aware and appreciative of life, even as he is about to be deprived of it. Let us briefly trace Hamlet’s progress through the play to illustrate these two movements. In the first act, Hamlet meets the ghost of his father, who commands him to kill his uncle and stepfather, but not to harm his mother (Act One scene 5, Shakespeare: 952). We should note here that even before this confirmation of the unnatural death of his father, his mother’s hasty remarriage had thrown Hamlet into a deep depression, to the point where only his religious sentiments prevented him from making away with himself: â€Å"How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable / Seem to me all the uses of this world!† (Shakespeare: 948). The revenge mission is thus initiallyShow MoreRelatedHamlet as So Much More Than a Traditional Revenge Tragedy Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet as So Much More Than a Traditional Revenge Tragedy Although Shakespeare wrote Hamlet closely following the conventions of a traditional revenge tragedy, he goes far beyond this form in his development of Hamlets character. Shakespeares exploration of Hamlets complex thoughts and emotions is perhaps more the focus of the play rather than that of revenge, thus in Hamlet Shakespeare greatly develops and enhances the form of the traditional revenge tragedy. Read MoreMental Issues In Hamlet900 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout William Shakespeare’s play The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince Hamlet clearly has a lot of mental issues. Hamlet never seems to truly come back once he is set on his moral journey. He is originally devastated and depressed at the murder of his father, but his moral path is shifted when he encounters his father’s ghost. After that he turns on a path of vengeance against Claudius for murdering his father and wooing his mother. The other characters’ paranoia intertwine with Hamlet’s moral pathRead More Shakespeares Hamlet - A Clear Revenge Tragedy? Essay1974 Words   |  8 PagesHamlet – a Revenge Tragedy?  Ã‚        Ã‚   Most of the revenge-tragic aspect of the Shakespearean play Hamlet is explicitly presented. 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In this essay, I am going to focus on the theme of doubt throughout the play. I will first speak about the opening scene, and then I will talk about the ghost, which is a supernatural element used by Shakespeare to createRead MoreDoubt in Hamlet1256 Words   |  6 Pages‘Her death was doubtful.’ Analyse the theme of doubt in Hamlet. In Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, doubt is one of the most important themes. In fact, the whole play is based on the story of a ghost who claims to be Hamlet’s father, and nobody can be sure if what he says is the truth. In this essay, I am going to focus on the theme of doubt throughout the play. 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This drama tells the story of his uncle Claudius murdered Hamlets father, usurped the throne and married the kings widow, Gertrude. In order to get back the throne, Prince Hamlet He was determined to avenge for his fathers murder from his uncle. In all the works of Shakespeare, Hamlet is probably the most controversial film, which is alsoRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 3075 Words   |  13 PagesOjomo Minott 3/17/15 ENG 102-007 Professor Hayes Hamlet Research Paper To Kill Or Not To Kill [A Mockingbird]? Quintessentially speaking, revenge is a thing that many have sought in response to a tragic event unfolding. Typically, as a result, vengeance is contemplated upon by the victim as a means of retribution, a way of making things right and seeking justice on the behest of the victim, if the law will not grant justice through due process due to corrupt forces stemmed deep within it- corrupt

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Kant And Utilitarianism Essay Example For Students

Kant And Utilitarianism Essay First of all I want to state the Kantian and the Utilitarian views butt heads onthis issue. The Kantian view is nonconsequential, that is as a matter ofprinciple with the consequences be damned. The Utilitarian view is consequentialwith the results given as much consideration as possible. I will attempt toexplain what I mean through some examples. Some school systems hand out condomsfree of charge to their students. The Utilitarian view would be that this is agood thing. They would state that by doing so they are stopping unwantedpregnancies that in turn could cost society. This program would help stop thespreading of diseases such as HIV, AIDS and syphilis. This also would lesson theburden on society. Kantian view would not be in favor of this program because itis considering the outcome of what might happen if the program were not inplace. They might feel it is the parents decision to make because it is theirjob to act in good will of their family and not the school systems. Anothe rtopic under much debate would be assisted suicide. The Kantian view is totallyopposed to this. It is just wrong to kill someone. One cannot kill anotherperson out of good will. If you were to apply this to the Universal Law it wouldnot hold true and there for it is wrong. On the other hand, the Utilitarian viewwould be open to this concept. How could we allow one to suffer knowing they aregoing to die in the end anyway? Would it be wrong to stop the suffering? How canone seek the greatest amount of happiness if they are suffering and arebasically condemned to die? By assisting this individual we are also helping outhis family by limiting their grief. We are also helping out society by freeingup a bed in the hospital for those individuals that could be healed and go on tolead a happy life. It could also save money if the person does not haveinsurance. The last example I want to use is the needle exchange program. Thisis where drug users can exchange dirty needles for clean ones. Thi s program alsostops the spreading of diseases such as HIV and AIDS. The Utilitarian would alsostate that is lessons the burden on society. Drug users are also associated tocrime and when they come into exchange needles help may be provided to get themoff drugs and there fore lesson the crime rate and bring more happiness tosociety. The Kantian view would not be in favor of this program because it isconsidering the consequences of what would happen if community doesnt help. They would state that drug use is not good will and not at all duty. If a druguser is breaking the law by using drugs and needles they should be punished. This punishment is not to be a deterrent but rather what is right because onebreaks the law. I Think the Utilitarian view is better than the Kantian viewbecause it does consider the outcomes of the event. Though I am not wholly soldon their concept. The Kantian view does not address the problem it just condemnsit. In the world today we all know what happens when a person breaks the law andso do the criminals yet; they still break the law. When someone is addicted to adrug it is out of their control to help themselves and society as a whole shouldstep in and help. Their does come a time when you can help only so much and itis up to the individual to correct their own wrong but not in all circumstances. .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 , .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 .postImageUrl , .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 , .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614:hover , .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614:visited , .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614:active { border:0!important; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614:active , .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Debt Service Funds EssayI think the best approach would be a happy medium between both views.